Science & Technology in Action

Introduction 
Bacteria are single-celled organisms with a relatively simple biochemistry. Advances in genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology have made it possible to use them for the mass-production of useful biomolecules such as hormones, vitamins and medicines. Many of these compounds were formerly sourced from animals. Obtaining pure compounds in sufficient quantities was very difficult and expensive. Animal-derived biochemicals might not be completely effective in humans, an environment they were not made for. Adverse immune reactions could, and did, happen. 

About interferon 
The story of interferon began in the 1950s. Scientists were looking for antibiotics that would combat viruses at a time when many vaccines had yet to be developed. In 1957, Lindenmann and Isaacs inoculated chicken embryos with influenza virus and noted that, after a time, viral action was inhibited. The tissues were cleared of virus but, if influenza or other viruses were subsequently applied, the anti-viral property was found to have persisted. Interferon had been discovered. 

Time would show that there were many types of interferon. They are cytokines - types of glycoprotein, that are produced by cells in response to the presence of viruses and certain foreign chemicals. Their action is indirect, activating genes in neighbouring cells to make proteins that interfere with cell replication. Apoptosis in infected cells may be encouraged. 

Interferon mobilises cells of the immune system and can cause foreign cells (including cancer cells) to display MHC antigens (major histocompatibility complex) – making them easier targets for the body’s defences. Interferons-α and β are produced by all cells. Interferon-γ is produced by immune cells only, stimulating further immune action. It also stimulates expression by professional antigen-presenting cells; these cells kill foreign cells and display antigens from their victims on their own surfaces, enhancing the immune reaction. 

Interferons have anti-cancer properties, unsurprising as they inhibit cell proliferation. They can sometimes disrupt the enzyme action involved in tumour angiogenesis (the laying on of a blood supply). It must be stated that viruses and tumours have shown adaptations to interferon action. Tumours may employ different enzymes. Viruses may disrupt interferon receptors as well as producing chemicals to neutralise inhibitors of their replication process. Nevertheless, interferons are effective overall. They also have anti-bacterial properties and provide defence against other parasites.